Markandeya Purana — Chapter 49
MkP 49.1
अर्वाक्स्त्रोतस्तु कथितो भवता यस्तु मानुषः । ब्रह्मन् ! विस्तरतो ब्रूहि ब्रह्मा समसृजद्यथा
arvākstrotastu kathito bhavatā yastu mānuṣaḥ / brahman ! vistarato brūhi brahmā samasṛjadyathā
"The downward-flowing stream, which is the human one, has been told by you; O brahman, tell me in detail how Brahmā created (it)."
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.2
यथा च वर्णानसृजद्यद् गुणाश्च महामते । यच्च येषां स्मृतं कर्म विप्रादीनां वदस्व तत्
yathā ca varṇānasṛjadyad guṇāśca mahāmate / yacca yeṣāṃ smṛtaṃ karma viprādīnāṃ vadasva tat
"And how he created the classes (varṇas), and what their qualities are, O great-minded one; and what action is traditionally assigned to each of the brahmins and the rest — tell me that."
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.3
ब्रह्मणः सृजतः पूर्वं सत्याभिध्यायिनस्तथा । मिथुनानां सहस्रन्तु मुखात् सो ऽथासृजन्मुने
brahmaṇaḥ sṛjataḥ pūrvaṃ satyābhidhyāyinastathā / mithunānāṃ sahasrantu mukhāt so 'thāsṛjanmune
When Brahmā was creating at first, meditating upon truth, he then emitted from his mouth a thousand pairs, O sage.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.4
जातास्ते ह्यु पपद्यन्ते सत्त्वोद्रिक्ताः स्वतेजसः । सहस्रमन्यद्वक्षस्तो मिथुनानां ससर्ज ह
jātāste hyu papadyante sattvodriktāḥ svatejasaḥ / sahasramanyadvakṣasto mithunānāṃ sasarja ha
Being born, they came into being abounding in sattva and possessed of their own splendour; and from his chest he created another thousand of pairs.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.5
ते सर्वे रजसोद्रिक्ताः शुष्मिणश्चाप्यमर्षिणः । ससर्जान्यते सहस्रन्तु द्वन्द्वानामूरुतः पुनः
te sarve rajasodriktāḥ śuṣmiṇaścāpyamarṣiṇaḥ / sasarjānyate sahasrantu dvandvānāmūrutaḥ punaḥ
All these abounded in rajas, and were vehement and impatient; then again from his thighs he created another thousand of couples.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.6
रजस्तमोभ्यामुद्रिक्ता ईहाशीलास्तु ते स्मृताः । पद्भ्यां सहस्रमन्यच्च मिथुनानां ससर्ज ह
rajastamobhyāmudriktā īhāśīlāstu te smṛtāḥ / padbhyāṃ sahasramanyacca mithunānāṃ sasarja ha
These are recorded as abounding in both rajas and tamas, and given to striving; and from his two feet he created another thousand of pairs.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.7
उद्रिक्तास्तमसा सर्वे निः श्रीका ह्यल्पचेतसः । ततः संहर्षमाणास्ते द्वन्द्वोत्पन्नास्तु प्राणिनः
udriktāstamasā sarve niḥ śrīkā hyalpacetasaḥ / tataḥ saṃharṣamāṇāste dvandvotpannāstu prāṇinaḥ
All of these abounded in tamas, were without prosperity and of little understanding. Then those living beings, arisen in pairs, rejoicing together,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.8
अन्योन्यहृर्च्छ्याविष्टा मैथुनायोपचक्रमुः । ततः प्रभृति कल्पे ऽस्मिन् मिथुनानां हि सम्भवः
anyonyahṛrcchyāviṣṭā maithunāyopacakramuḥ / tataḥ prabhṛti kalpe 'smin mithunānāṃ hi sambhavaḥ
possessed by desire for one another, set about copulation; from then on, in this kalpa, comes the origin of pairs.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.9
मासि मास्यार्तवं यत् तु न तदासीत्तु योषिताम् । तस्मात्तदा न सुषुवुः सेवितैरपि मैथुनैः
māsi māsyārtavaṃ yat tu na tadāsīttu yoṣitām / tasmāttadā na suṣuvuḥ sevitairapi maithunaiḥ
But the monthly courses that come month by month did not then exist for women; therefore they did not bear offspring then, even though copulation was practised.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.10
आयुषो ऽन्ते प्रसूयन्ते मिथुनान्येव ताः सकृत् । ततः प्रभृति कल्पे ऽस्मिन् मिथुनानां हि सम्भवः
āyuṣo 'nte prasūyante mithunānyeva tāḥ sakṛt / tataḥ prabhṛti kalpe 'smin mithunānāṃ hi sambhavaḥ
At the end of their lifespan they gave birth, once only, and to pairs alone; from then on, in this kalpa, comes the origin of pairs.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.11
ध्यानेन मनसा तासां प्रजानां जायते सकृत् । शब्दादिर्विषयः शुद्धः प्रत्येकं पञ्चलक्षणः
dhyānena manasā tāsāṃ prajānāṃ jāyate sakṛt / śabdādirviṣayaḥ śuddhaḥ pratyekaṃ pañcalakṣaṇaḥ
By meditation, by the mind, there arose for those creatures, at once, the pure object of sense—sound and the rest—each of five kinds.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.12
इत्येषा मानुषी सृष्टिर्या पूर्वं वै प्रजापतेः । तस्यान्ववायसम्भूता यैरिदं पूरितं जगत्
ityeṣā mānuṣī sṛṣṭiryā pūrvaṃ vai prajāpateḥ / tasyānvavāyasambhūtā yairidaṃ pūritaṃ jagat
Such was that human creation which formerly was Prajāpati's; (these were) born of his line, by whom this world was filled.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.13
सरित्सरः समुद्रांश्च सेवन्ते पर्वतानपि । तास्तदा ह्यल्पशीतोष्णा युगे तस्मिंश्चरन्ति वै
saritsaraḥ samudrāṃśca sevante parvatānapi / tāstadā hyalpaśītoṣṇā yuge tasmiṃścaranti vai
They frequent rivers, lakes and oceans, and the mountains too; in that age those (creatures) move about where cold and heat are slight.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.14
तृप्तिं स्वाभाविकीं प्राप्ता विषयेषु महामते । न तासां प्रतिघातो ऽस्ति न द्वेषो नापि मत्सरः
tṛptiṃ svābhāvikīṃ prāptā viṣayeṣu mahāmate / na tāsāṃ pratighāto 'sti na dveṣo nāpi matsaraḥ
Having attained a natural contentment in the objects of sense, O great-minded one, they have no hostility, no hatred, nor any envy.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.15
पर्वतोदधिसेविन्यो ह्यनिकेतास्तु सर्वशः । ता वै निष्कामचारिण्यो नित्यं मुदितमानसाः
parvatodadhisevinyo hyaniketāstu sarvaśaḥ / tā vai niṣkāmacāriṇyo nityaṃ muditamānasāḥ
Dwelling on mountains and by the ocean, wholly without fixed abodes, they roam free of desire, their minds ever glad.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.16
पिशाचोरगरक्षांसि तथा मत्सरिणो जनाः । पशवः पक्षिणश्चैव नक्रा मत्स्याः सरीसृपाः
piśācoragarakṣāṃsi tathā matsariṇo janāḥ / paśavaḥ pakṣiṇaścaiva nakrā matsyāḥ sarīsṛpāḥ
Piśācas, serpents and rākṣasas, likewise envious men, cattle, birds, crocodiles, fish, and creeping things—
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.17
अवारका ह्यण्डजा वा ते ह्यधर्मप्रसूतयः । न मूलफलपुष्पाणि नार्तवा वत्सराणि च
avārakā hyaṇḍajā vā te hyadharmaprasūtayaḥ / na mūlaphalapuṣpāṇi nārtavā vatsarāṇi ca
those that are (?) without protection, or egg-born—these are the offspring of unrighteousness. There were no roots, fruits and flowers, no seasons and no years.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.18
सर्वकालसुखः कालो नात्यर्थं घर्मशीतता । कालेन गच्छता तेषां चित्रा सिद्धिरजायत
sarvakālasukhaḥ kālo nātyarthaṃ gharmaśītatā / kālena gacchatā teṣāṃ citrā siddhirajāyata
The season was pleasant at every time, with no excess of heat or cold; and as time went on, a manifold power of accomplishment arose for them.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.19
ततश्च तेषां पूर्वाह्ने मध्याह्ने च वितृप्तता । पुनस्तथेच्छतां तृप्तिरनायासेन साभवत्
tataśca teṣāṃ pūrvāhne madhyāhne ca vitṛptatā / punastathecchatāṃ tṛptiranāyāsena sābhavat
And thereafter they had their satiety in the forenoon and at midday; and again, when they wished it, that satisfaction came to them without effort.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.20
इच्छताञ्च तथायासो मनसः समजायत । अपां सौक्ष्म्यं ततस्तासां सिद्धिर्नानारसोल्लसा
icchatāñca tathāyāso manasaḥ samajāyata / apāṃ saukṣmyaṃ tatastāsāṃ siddhirnānārasollasā
And for those who wished, an exertion of mind arose; then came the subtlety of the waters, and their accomplishment abounding in various flavours.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.21
समजायत चैवान्या सर्वकामप्रदायिनी । असंस्कार्यैः शरीरैश्च प्रजास्ताः स्थिरयौवनाः
samajāyata caivānyā sarvakāmapradāyinī / asaṃskāryaiḥ śarīraiśca prajāstāḥ sthirayauvanāḥ
And another (accomplishment) arose, granting every desire; and with bodies needing no grooming those creatures had unfading youth.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.22
तासां विना तु संकल्पं जायन्ते मिथुनाः प्रजाः । समं जन्म च रूपञ्च म्रियन्ते चैव ताः समम्
tāsāṃ vinā tu saṃkalpaṃ jāyante mithunāḥ prajāḥ / samaṃ janma ca rūpañca mriyante caiva tāḥ samam
For them, offspring were born in pairs even without any act of will; their birth and their form were alike, and they died alike too.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.23
अनिच्छाद्वेषसंयुक्ता वर्तन्ते तु परस्परम् । तुल्यरूपायुषः सर्वा अधमोत्तमतां विना
anicchādveṣasaṃyuktā vartante tu parasparam / tulyarūpāyuṣaḥ sarvā adhamottamatāṃ vinā
Free from desire and hatred, they lived with one another; all were of equal form and equal lifespan, without lower and higher.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.24
तत्वारि तु सहस्राणि वर्षाणां मानुषाणि तु । आयुः प्रमाणं जीवन्ति न च क्लेशाद्विपत्तयः
tatvāri tu sahasrāṇi varṣāṇāṃ mānuṣāṇi tu / āyuḥ pramāṇaṃ jīvanti na ca kleśādvipattayaḥ
They live a full life-span of four thousand human years, and there are no calamities arising from afflictions.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.25
क्वचित् क्वचित् पुनः साभूत् क्षितिर्भाग्येन सर्वशः । कालेन गच्छता नाशमुपयान्ति यथा प्रजाः
kvacit kvacit punaḥ sābhūt kṣitirbhāgyena sarvaśaḥ / kālena gacchatā nāśamupayānti yathā prajāḥ
Here and there, again, the earth was in every way (favoured) by good fortune; but as, with time passing, creatures come to destruction,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.26
तथा ताः क्रमशो नाशं जग्मुः सर्वत्र सिद्धयः । तासु सर्वासु नष्टासु नभसः प्रच्युता नराः
tathā tāḥ kramaśo nāśaṃ jagmuḥ sarvatra siddhayaḥ / tāsu sarvāsu naṣṭāsu nabhasaḥ pracyutā narāḥ
so, step by step, the perfected powers everywhere went to destruction; and when all of these had perished, men fell away from the sky.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.27
प्रायशः कल्पवृक्षास्ते संभूता गृहसंज्ञिताः । सर्वे प्रत्युपभोगाश्च तासं तेभ्यः प्रजायते
prāyaśaḥ kalpavṛkṣāste saṃbhūtā gṛhasaṃjñitāḥ / sarve pratyupabhogāśca tāsaṃ tebhyaḥ prajāyate
For the most part those wish-fulfilling trees came into being as what are called houses; and all the objects of enjoyment in turn are produced for those (women) from them.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.28
वर्तयन्ति स्म तेभ्यस्तास्त्रेतायुगमुखे तदा । ततः कालेन वै रागस्तासामाकस्मिको ऽभवत्
vartayanti sma tebhyastāstretāyugamukhe tadā / tataḥ kālena vai rāgastāsāmākasmiko 'bhavat
From these they used to subsist then, at the beginning of the Tretā age; thereafter, in the course of time, passion arose in them without cause.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.29
मासि मास्यार्तवोत्पत्त्या गर्भोत्पत्तिः पुनः पुनः । रागोत्पत्त्या ततस्तासां वृक्षास्ते गृहसंज्ञिताः
māsi māsyārtavotpattyā garbhotpattiḥ punaḥ punaḥ / rāgotpattyā tatastāsāṃ vṛkṣāste gṛhasaṃjñitāḥ
By the arising of menstruation month by month, conception occurred again and again; then, through the arising of passion in them, those trees were called houses.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.30
ब्रह्मन्नन्वपरेषान्तु पेतुः शाखा महीरुहाम् । वस्त्राणि च प्रसूयन्ते फलेष्वाभरणानि च
brahmannanvapareṣāntu petuḥ śākhā mahīruhām / vastrāṇi ca prasūyante phaleṣvābharaṇāni ca
O brahmin, indeed among some others the branches of the trees fell; and garments are produced (from them), and ornaments in their fruits.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.31
तेष्वेव जायते तेषां गन्धवर्णरसान्वितम् । अमाक्षिकं माहवीर्यं पुटके पुटके मधु
teṣveva jāyate teṣāṃ gandhavarṇarasānvitam / amākṣikaṃ māhavīryaṃ puṭake puṭake madhu
In these very (trees) there is produced for them, endowed with fragrance, colour and taste, beeless honey of great potency, in cup after cup.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.32
तेन वा वर्तयन्ति स्म मुखे त्रेयायुगस्य वै । ततः कालान्तरेणैव पुनर्लोभान्वितास्तु ताः
tena vā vartayanti sma mukhe treyāyugasya vai / tataḥ kālāntareṇaiva punarlobhānvitāstu tāḥ
On that they used to subsist at the beginning of the Tretā age; then, after an interval of time, they again became filled with greed,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.33
वृक्षांस्ताः पर्यगृह्णन्त ममत्वाविष्टचेतसः । नेशुस्तेनापचारेण ते ऽपि तासां महीरुहाः
vṛkṣāṃstāḥ paryagṛhṇanta mamatvāviṣṭacetasaḥ / neśustenāpacāreṇa te 'pi tāsāṃ mahīruhāḥ
and, their minds possessed by the sense of 'mine', they took possession of the trees; by that transgression those trees of theirs too perished.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.34
ततो द्वन्द्वान्यजायन्ते शीतोष्णक्षुन्मुखानि वै । तास्तद्द्वन्द्वोपघातार्थं चक्रुः पूर्वं पुराणि तु
tato dvandvānyajāyante śītoṣṇakṣunmukhāni vai / tāstaddvandvopaghātārthaṃ cakruḥ pūrvaṃ purāṇi tu
Then arose the pairs of opposites, beginning with cold, heat and hunger; and to ward off those opposites they first made cities.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.35
मरुधन्वषु दुर्गेषु पर्वतेषु दरीषु च । संश्रयन्ति च दुर्गाणि वार्क्षं पार्वतमौदकम्
marudhanvaṣu durgeṣu parvateṣu darīṣu ca / saṃśrayanti ca durgāṇi vārkṣaṃ pārvatamaudakam
In deserts, in inaccessible places, on mountains and in caves; and they resort to strongholds—those of trees, of mountains, of water.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.36
कृत्रिमञ्च तथा दुर्गं मित्वा मित्वात्मनो।ङ्गुलैः । मानार्थानि प्रमाणानि तास्तु पूर्वं प्रचक्रिरे
kṛtrimañca tathā durgaṃ mitvā mitvātmano/ṅgulaiḥ / mānārthāni pramāṇāni tāstu pūrvaṃ pracakrire
And likewise an artificial stronghold; and, measuring again and again with their own fingers, they first devised standards for the purpose of measurement.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.37
परमाणुः परं सूक्ष्मं त्रषरेणुर्महीरजः । बालाग्रञ्चैव लिक्षां च यूकां चाथ यवोदरम्
paramāṇuḥ paraṃ sūkṣmaṃ traṣareṇurmahīrajaḥ / bālāgrañcaiva likṣāṃ ca yūkāṃ cātha yavodaram
The atom is the extremely fine; (then) the mote in a sunbeam, the dust of the earth, the tip of a hair, the louse-egg, the louse, and then the middle of a barley grain.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.38
क्रमादष्टगुणान्याहुर्यवानष्टौ तथाङ्गुलम् । षडङ्गुलं पदं तच्च वितस्तिर्द्विगुणं स्मृतम्
kramādaṣṭaguṇānyāhuryavānaṣṭau tathāṅgulam / ṣaḍaṅgulaṃ padaṃ tacca vitastirdviguṇaṃ smṛtam
These they say are eightfold in succession; and eight barley grains make a finger's breadth; six fingers make a pada, and twice that is known as a vitasti (span).
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.39
द्वे वितस्ती तथा हस्तो ब्राह्म्यतीर्थादिवेष्टनः । चतुर्हस्तं धनुर्दण्डो नाडिकार्युगमेव च
dve vitastī tathā hasto brāhmyatīrthādiveṣṭanaḥ / caturhastaṃ dhanurdaṇḍo nāḍikāryugameva ca
Two spans make a hasta (cubit), which encloses the brāhma-tīrtha and the rest; a bow, a staff, a nāḍikā and a yuga are each four cubits.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.40
धनुषां द्वे सहस्रे तु गव्यूतिस्तच्चतुर्गुणम् । प्रोक्तञ्च योजवनं प्राज्ञैः संख्यानार्थमिदं परम्
dhanuṣāṃ dve sahasre tu gavyūtistaccaturguṇam / proktañca yojavanaṃ prājñaiḥ saṃkhyānārthamidaṃ param
Two thousand bow-lengths make a gavyūti, and four times that is called a yojana by the wise: this is the highest (unit) for the purpose of reckoning.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.41
चतुर्णामथ दुर्गाणां स्वसमुत्थानि त्रीणि तु । चतुर्थं कृत्रिमं दुर्गं ते चक्रुर्यत्नतस्तु वै
caturṇāmatha durgāṇāṃ svasamutthāni trīṇi tu / caturthaṃ kṛtrimaṃ durgaṃ te cakruryatnatastu vai
Now of the four kinds of stronghold three arise of themselves; the fourth, the artificial stronghold, they made with effort.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.42
पुरञ्च खेटकञ्चैव तद्वद् द्रोणीमुखं द्विज । शाखानगरकञ्चापि तथा कर्वटकं द्रमी
purañca kheṭakañcaiva tadvad droṇīmukhaṃ dvija / śākhānagarakañcāpi tathā karvaṭakaṃ dramī
A city, a hamlet, and likewise a droṇīmukha, O twice-born, and also a suburb-town, and a karvaṭaka, a dramī,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.43
ग्रामं सघोषविन्यासं तेषु चावसथान् पृथक् । सोत्सेधवप्रकारञ्च सर्वतः परिखावृतम्
grāmaṃ saghoṣavinyāsaṃ teṣu cāvasathān pṛthak / sotsedhavaprakārañca sarvataḥ parikhāvṛtam
and a village with its arrangement of cattle-stations, and separate dwellings within them, with a high rampart-wall and surrounded on all sides by a moat.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.44
योजनार्धार्धविष्कम्भमष्टभागायतं पुरम् । प्रागुदक्प्रवणं शस्तं शुद्धवंशबहिर्गमम्
yojanārdhārdhaviṣkambhamaṣṭabhāgāyataṃ puram / prāgudakpravaṇaṃ śastaṃ śuddhavaṃśabahirgamam
A city (should be) a quarter of a yojana in breadth and eight parts in length; one sloping toward the east and north is commended, with its outward passage in a clean line.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.45
तदर्धेन तथा खेटं तत्पादेन च कर्वटम् । न्यूनं द्रोणीमुखं तस्मादन्तभागेन चोच्यते
tadardhena tathā kheṭaṃ tatpādena ca karvaṭam / nyūnaṃ droṇīmukhaṃ tasmādantabhāgena cocyate
Half of that, likewise, is a kheṭa, and a quarter of it a karvaṭa; smaller (still) is a droṇīmukha, and (what is) less than that is spoken of by the final fraction.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.46
प्राकारपरिखाहीनां पुरं खर्वटमुच्यते । शाखानगरकञ्चान्यन्मन्त्रिसामन्तभुक्तिमत्
prākāraparikhāhīnāṃ puraṃ kharvaṭamucyate / śākhānagarakañcānyanmantrisāmantabhuktimat
A town lacking a rampart and a moat is called a kharvaṭa; and another (kind) is a branch-town, held in enjoyment by ministers and vassals.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.47
तथा शूद्रजनप्रायाः स्वसमृद्धिकृषीबलाः । क्षेत्रोपभोग्यभूमध्ये वसतिर्ग्रामसंज्ञिता
tathā śūdrajanaprāyāḥ svasamṛddhikṛṣībalāḥ / kṣetropabhogyabhūmadhye vasatirgrāmasaṃjñitā
Likewise, a settlement consisting mostly of śūdra folk, farmers (living) by their own prosperity, in the midst of land usable as fields, is designated a village (grāma).
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.48
अन्यस्मान्नगरादेर्या कार्यमुद्दिश्य मानवैः । क्रियते वसतिः सा वै विज्ञेया वसतिर्नरैः
anyasmānnagarāderyā kāryamuddiśya mānavaiḥ / kriyate vasatiḥ sā vai vijñeyā vasatirnaraiḥ
That settlement which is made by men apart from a town and the like, with some purpose in view — that indeed is to be known by men as a vasati.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.49
दुष्टप्रायो विना क्षेत्रैः परभूमिचरो बली । ग्राम एव द्रमीसंज्ञो राजवल्लभसंश्रयः
duṣṭaprāyo vinā kṣetraiḥ parabhūmicaro balī / grāma eva dramīsaṃjño rājavallabhasaṃśrayaḥ
A village whose people are mostly wicked, without fields, strong, ranging over others' land, and relying on the king's favourite, is called a dramī.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.50
शकटारूढभाण्डैश्च गोपालैर्विपणं विना । गोसमूहैस्तथा घोषो यत्रेच्छाभूमिकेतनः
śakaṭārūḍhabhāṇḍaiśca gopālairvipaṇaṃ vinā / gosamūhaistathā ghoṣo yatrecchābhūmiketanaḥ
And where there are goods loaded on carts, cowherds, no market, and herds of cattle, and where the dwelling-place is on any ground at will, that is a ghoṣa (herding station).
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.51
त एवं नगरादींस्तु कृत्वा वासार्थमात्मनः । निकेतनानि द्वन्द्वानां चक्रुरावसथाय वै
ta evaṃ nagarādīṃstu kṛtvā vāsārthamātmanaḥ / niketanāni dvandvānāṃ cakrurāvasathāya vai
They, having thus made towns and the rest for their own dwelling, made houses for the couples, for residence.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.52
गृहाकारा यथा पूर्वं तेषामासन्नहीरुहाः । तथा संस्मृत्य तत्सर्वं चक्रुर्वेश्मानि ताः प्रजाः
gṛhākārā yathā pūrvaṃ teṣāmāsannahīruhāḥ / tathā saṃsmṛtya tatsarvaṃ cakrurveśmāni tāḥ prajāḥ
Just as the shapes of houses had formerly (been present) in the trees that grew near them, so, recalling all that, those people made dwellings.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.53
वृक्षस्यैवङ्गताः शाखास्तथैवञ्चापरी गताः । नताश्चैवोन्नताश्चैव तद्वच्छाखाः प्रचक्रिरे
vṛkṣasyaivaṅgatāḥ śākhāstathaivañcāparī gatāḥ / natāścaivonnatāścaiva tadvacchākhāḥ pracakrire
As the branches of a tree went this way, and others went that way, and some were bent down and some raised up, so did they make the branches (rafters).
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.54
याः शाखाः कल्पवृक्षाणां पूर्वमासन् द्विजोत्तम । ता एव शाखा गेहानां शालात्वं तेन तासु तत्
yāḥ śākhāḥ kalpavṛkṣāṇāṃ pūrvamāsan dvijottama / tā eva śākhā gehānāṃ śālātvaṃ tena tāsu tat
Those branches (śākhā) which formerly belonged to the wish-granting trees, O best of the twice-born, those very branches (now belong) to houses; hence in them (arises) the name śālā.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.55
कृत्वा द्वन्द्वोपघातन्ते वार्तोपायमचिन्तयन् । नष्टेषु मधुना सार्धं कल्पवृक्षेष्वशेषतः
kṛtvā dvandvopaghātante vārtopāyamacintayan / naṣṭeṣu madhunā sārdhaṃ kalpavṛkṣeṣvaśeṣataḥ
Having made protection for the couples, they then considered a means of livelihood, since the wish-granting trees, together with the honey, had wholly perished.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.56
विषादव्याकुलास्ता वै प्रजास्तृष्णाक्षुधार्दिताः । ततः प्रादुर्बभौ तासां सिद्धिस्त्रेतामुखे तदा
viṣādavyākulāstā vai prajāstṛṣṇākṣudhārditāḥ / tataḥ prādurbabhau tāsāṃ siddhistretāmukhe tadā
Those people, distraught with despair and tormented by thirst and hunger — then, at the opening of the Tretā, their means of accomplishment appeared.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.57
वार्तास्वसाधिता ह्यन्या वृष्टिस्तासां निकामतः । तासां वृष्ट्युदकानीह यानि निम्नगतानि वै
vārtāsvasādhitā hyanyā vṛṣṭistāsāṃ nikāmataḥ / tāsāṃ vṛṣṭyudakānīha yāni nimnagatāni vai
Another rain, not brought about by any livelihood, (fell) for them as much as they wished; and those rain-waters of theirs here which ran into the low places —
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.58
वृष्ट्यावरुद्धैरभवत् स्त्रोतः खातानि निम्नगाः । ये पुरस्तादपां स्तोका आपन्नाः पृथिवीतले
vṛṣṭyāvaruddhairabhavat strotaḥ khātāni nimnagāḥ / ye purastādapāṃ stokā āpannāḥ pṛthivītale
— by the (waters) held back by the rain there came a current; the hollowed channels became rivers. Those drops of water that earlier had fallen upon the surface of the earth —
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.59
ततो भूमेश्च संयोगादोषध्यस्तास्तदा भवन् । अफालकृष्टाश्चानुप्ता ग्राम्यारण्याश्चतुर्दश
tato bhūmeśca saṃyogādoṣadhyastāstadā bhavan / aphālakṛṣṭāścānuptā grāmyāraṇyāścaturdaśa
— then, from their union with the earth, plants came into being at that time, unploughed and unsown, fourteen (kinds), village and wild.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.60
ऋतुपुष्पफलाश्चैव वृक्षा गुल्माश्च जज्ञिरे । प्रादुर्भावस्तु त्रेतायामाद्यो ऽयमौषधस्य तु
ṛtupuṣpaphalāścaiva vṛkṣā gulmāśca jajñire / prādurbhāvastu tretāyāmādyo 'yamauṣadhasya tu
And trees and shrubs bearing flowers and fruits in their season were produced; this was the first appearance of plants in the Tretā.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.61
तेनौषधेन वर्तन्ते प्रजास्त्रेतायुगे मुने । रागलोभौ समासाद्य प्रजाश्चाकस्मिकौ तदा
tenauṣadhena vartante prajāstretāyuge mune / rāgalobhau samāsādya prajāścākasmikau tadā
By that vegetation the people subsist in the Tretā age, O sage; and then the people, without cause, fell into passion and greed.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.62
ततस्ताः पर्यग्वह्णन्त नदीक्षेत्राणि पर्वतान् । वृक्षगुल्मौषधीश्चैवमात्मन्यायाद्यथाबलम्
tatastāḥ paryagvahṇanta nadīkṣetrāṇi parvatān / vṛkṣagulmauṣadhīścaivamātmanyāyādyathābalam
Then they took possession all round of rivers, fields, mountains, trees, shrubs and plants, each by his own rule, according to his strength.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.63
तेन दोषेण ता नेशुरौषध्यो मिषतां द्विज । अग्रसद् भूर्युगपत्तास्तदौषध्यो महामते
tena doṣeṇa tā neśurauṣadhyo miṣatāṃ dvija / agrasad bhūryugapattāstadauṣadhyo mahāmate
Through that fault those plants perished before their very eyes, O twice-born one; the earth swallowed those plants all at once, O greatly wise one.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.64
पुनस्तासु प्रणष्टासु विभ्रान्तास्ताः पुनः प्रजाः । ब्रह्माणं शरणं जग्मुः क्षुधार्ताः परमेष्ठिनम्
punastāsu praṇaṣṭāsu vibhrāntāstāḥ punaḥ prajāḥ / brahmāṇaṃ śaraṇaṃ jagmuḥ kṣudhārtāḥ parameṣṭhinam
And when those (plants) had perished again, those creatures, bewildered once more and afflicted by hunger, went for refuge to Brahmā, the highest lord.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.65
स चापि तत्त्वतो ज्ञात्वा तदा ग्रस्तां वसुन्धराम् । वत्सं कृत्वा सुमेरुन्तु दुदोह भगवान् विभुः
sa cāpi tattvato jñātvā tadā grastāṃ vasundharām / vatsaṃ kṛtvā sumeruntu dudoha bhagavān vibhuḥ
And he too, knowing truly that the earth had then swallowed (them), made Sumeru the calf and milked her, the mighty, blessed lord.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.66
दुग्धेयं गौस्तदा तेन शस्यानि पृथिवीतले । जज्ञिरे तानि बीजानि ग्राम्यारण्यास्तु ताः पुनः
dugdheyaṃ gaustadā tena śasyāni pṛthivītale / jajñire tāni bījāni grāmyāraṇyāstu tāḥ punaḥ
This cow was then milked by him, and on the earth's surface the grains were born; those seeds became the cultivated and the wild ones again.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.67
ओषध्यः फलपाकान्ता गणाः सप्तदशा स्मृताः । व्रीहयश्च यवाश्चैव गोधूमा अणवस्तिलाः
oṣadhyaḥ phalapākāntā gaṇāḥ saptadaśā smṛtāḥ / vrīhayaśca yavāścaiva godhūmā aṇavastilāḥ
The plants that end with the ripening of their fruit are recorded as seventeen groups: rice, and barley, wheat, aṇu-millet, sesame,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.68
प्रियङ्गवो ह्युदाराश्च कोरदूषाः सचीनकाः । माषा मुद्गा मसूराश्च निष्पावाः सकुलत्थकाः
priyaṅgavo hyudārāśca koradūṣāḥ sacīnakāḥ / māṣā mudgā masūrāśca niṣpāvāḥ sakulatthakāḥ
priyaṅgu-millet, and udāra, koradūṣa together with cīnaka, māṣa-beans, mudga-beans, and lentils, niṣpāva-beans along with kulattha-beans,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.69
आढकाश्चणकाश्चैव गणाः सप्तदश स्मृताः । इत्येता ओषधीनान्तु ग्राम्याणां जातयः पुरा
āḍhakāścaṇakāścaiva gaṇāḥ saptadaśa smṛtāḥ / ityetā oṣadhīnāntu grāmyāṇāṃ jātayaḥ purā
āḍhaka-pulse and chickpeas — these are recorded as the seventeen groups; such were, of old, the kinds of cultivated plants.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.70
ओषध्यो जज्ञियाश्चैव ग्राम्यारण्याश्चतुर्दश । व्रीहयश्च यवाश्चैव गोधूमा अणवस्तिलाः
oṣadhyo jajñiyāścaiva grāmyāraṇyāścaturdaśa / vrīhayaśca yavāścaiva godhūmā aṇavastilāḥ
And there are fourteen plants fit for sacrifice, both cultivated and wild: rice, and barley, wheat, aṇu-millet, sesame,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.71
प्रियङ्गुसप्तमा ह्येते अष्टमास्तु कुलत्थकाः । श्यामाकास्त्वथ नीवारा यत्तिला सगवेधुकाः
priyaṅgusaptamā hyete aṣṭamāstu kulatthakāḥ / śyāmākāstvatha nīvārā yattilā sagavedhukāḥ
with priyaṅgu as the seventh of these, and kulattha-beans as the eighth; then śyāmāka, nīvāra, yattila together with gavedhuka,
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain
MkP 49.72
कुरुविन्दा मर्कटकास्तथा वेणुयवाश्च ये । ग्राम्यारण्याः स्मृता ह्येता ओषध्यश्च चतुर्दश
kuruvindā markaṭakāstathā veṇuyavāśca ye / grāmyāraṇyāḥ smṛtā hyetā oṣadhyaśca caturdaśa
kuruvinda, markaṭaka, and those which are bamboo-barley: these fourteen plants are recorded as (both) cultivated and wild.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.73
यदा प्रसृष्टा ओषध्यो न प्ररोहन्ति ताः पुनः । ततः स तासां वृद्ध्यर्थं वार्तोपायञ्चकार ह
yadā prasṛṣṭā oṣadhyo na prarohanti tāḥ punaḥ / tataḥ sa tāsāṃ vṛddhyarthaṃ vārtopāyañcakāra ha
When the plants that had been sent forth did not sprout again, then, for the sake of their growth, he devised the means of livelihood (agriculture),
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.74
ब्रह्मा स्वयम्भूर्भगवान् हस्तसिद्धिञ्च कर्मजाम् । ततः प्रभृत्यथौषध्यः कृष्टपच्यास्तु जज्ञिरे
brahmā svayambhūrbhagavān hastasiddhiñca karmajām / tataḥ prabhṛtyathauṣadhyaḥ kṛṣṭapacyāstu jajñire
Brahmā, the self-existent lord, and skill of hand born of work; and from then on the plants were born that ripen when ploughed for.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.75
संसिद्धायान्तु वार्तायां ततस्तासां स्वयं प्रभुः । मर्यादां स्थापयामास यथान्यायं यथागुणम्
saṃsiddhāyāntu vārtāyāṃ tatastāsāṃ svayaṃ prabhuḥ / maryādāṃ sthāpayāmāsa yathānyāyaṃ yathāguṇam
And when husbandry had been fully established, then the lord himself set a limit (a fixed order) for them, according to right and according to quality.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.76
वर्णानामाश्रमाणाञ्च धर्मान् धर्मभृतांवर । लोकानां सर्ववर्णानां सम्यग्धर्मार्थपालिनाम्
varṇānāmāśramāṇāñca dharmān dharmabhṛtāṃvara / lokānāṃ sarvavarṇānāṃ samyagdharmārthapālinām
And (he established) the duties of the classes and the stages of life, O best of upholders of dharma, for the people of all classes who rightly guard dharma and wealth.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.77
प्राजापत्यं ब्राह्मणानां स्मृतं स्थानं क्रियावताम् । स्थानमैन्द्रं क्षत्रियाणां संग्रामेष्वपलायिनाम्
prājāpatyaṃ brāhmaṇānāṃ smṛtaṃ sthānaṃ kriyāvatām / sthānamaindraṃ kṣatriyāṇāṃ saṃgrāmeṣvapalāyinām
The station of Prajāpati is recorded for brahmins who perform the rites; the station of Indra for kṣatriyas who do not flee in battles;
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.78
वैश्यानां मारुतं स्थानं स्वधर्ममनुवर्तताम् । गान्धर्वं शूद्रजातीनां परिचर्यानुवर्तताम्
vaiśyānāṃ mārutaṃ sthānaṃ svadharmamanuvartatām / gāndharvaṃ śūdrajātīnāṃ paricaryānuvartatām
the station of the Maruts for vaiśyas who follow their own duty; that of the gandharvas for those of śūdra birth who follow service.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.79
अष्टाशीतिसहस्राणामृषीणामूर्ध्वरेतसाम् । स्मृतं तेषान्तु यत् स्थानं तदेव गुरुवासिनाम्
aṣṭāśītisahasrāṇāmṛṣīṇāmūrdhvaretasām / smṛtaṃ teṣāntu yat sthānaṃ tadeva guruvāsinām
Whatever station is recorded for the eighty-eight thousand seers of upward-flowing seed, that very one is for those who dwell with a teacher.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition
MkP 49.80
सप्तर्षोणान्तु यत् स्थानं स्मृतं तद्वै वनौकसाम् । प्राजापत्यं गृहस्थानां न्यासिनां ब्रह्मणः क्षयम् । योगिनाममृतं स्थानमिति वै स्थानकल्पना
saptarṣoṇāntu yat sthānaṃ smṛtaṃ tadvai vanaukasām / prājāpatyaṃ gṛhasthānāṃ nyāsināṃ brahmaṇaḥ kṣayam / yogināmamṛtaṃ sthānamiti vai sthānakalpanā
And whatever station is recorded of the seven seers, that indeed is for forest-dwellers; that of Prajāpati for householders, and for renouncers the abode of Brahmā; for yogins the deathless station — such is the ordering of the stations.
AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition