Mahabharata — Volume VIII (Dutt edition) — Chapter 124

MBh 8 124.1

पराशर उवाच पिता सखायो गुरवः स्त्रियश्च न निर्गुणानां हि भवन्ति लोके। अनन्यभक्ता: प्रियवादिनश्च हिताश्च वश्याश्च भवन्ति राजन्॥

parāśara uvāca pitā sakhāyo guravaḥ striyaśca na nirguṇānāṃ hi bhavanti loke| ananyabhaktā: priyavādinaśca hitāśca vaśyāśca bhavanti rājan||

Parashara said The father, the friends, the preceptors, and the wishes of the preceptors of men who are shorn of devotion, are unable to give to those men the merits derivable from devotion. Only they who are firmly devoted to such elders, who speak what is agreeable to them, who speek their well-being, and who are submissive to them in conduct, can acquire the merit to devotion.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.2

पिता परं दैवतं मानवानां मातुर्विशिष्टं पितरं वदन्ति। ज्ञानस्य लाभं परमं वदन्ति जितेन्द्रियार्थाः परमाप्नुवन्ति॥

pitā paraṃ daivataṃ mānavānāṃ māturviśiṣṭaṃ pitaraṃ vadanti| jñānasya lābhaṃ paramaṃ vadanti jitendriyārthāḥ paramāpnuvanti||

That father is the highest of gods with his children. It is said that the father is superior to the mother. The acquirement of Knowledge is are considered as the hightest acquisition. They who have subjugating the objects of the senses, acquire what is highest.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.3

रणाजिरे यत्र शराग्निसंस्तरे नृपात्मजो घातमवाप्य दह्यते। प्रयाति लोकानमरैः सुदुर्लभान्। निषेवते स्वर्गफलं यथासुखम्॥

raṇājire yatra śarāgnisaṃstare nṛpātmajo ghātamavāpya dahyate| prayāti lokānamaraiḥ sudurlabhān| niṣevate svargaphalaṃ yathāsukham||

That Kshatriya prince, who going to the battle-field, receives wounds amid fiery arrows shooting in all directions and burns therewith, certainly goes to regions which unattainable by the very gods and, arrived there enjoys the happiness of heaven in perfect contentiment.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.4

श्रान्तं भीतं भ्रष्टशस्त्रं रुदन्तं पराङ्मुखं पारिबहश्च हीनम्। अनुद्यन्तं रोगिणं याचमानं न वै हिंस्याद् बालवृद्धौ च राजन्॥

śrāntaṃ bhītaṃ bhraṣṭaśastraṃ rudantaṃ parāṅmukhaṃ pāribahaśca hīnam| anudyantaṃ rogiṇaṃ yācamānaṃ na vai hiṃsyād bālavṛddhau ca rājan||

A Kshatriya should not, O king, strike one who is fatigued, or one who is terrified, or one who has been disarmed, or one who is weeping, or one who is reluctant to fight, or one who is unequipped with mail and cars and horse and infantry, or one who has ceased to exert in the fight, or one who is ill, or one who cries for quarter. Or one who is of tender years, or one who is old.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.5

पारिबहः सुसंयुक्तमुद्यतं तुल्यतां गतम्। अतिक्रमेत् तं नृपतिः संग्रामे क्षत्रियात्मजम्॥

pāribahaḥ susaṃyuktamudyataṃ tulyatāṃ gatam| atikramet taṃ nṛpatiḥ saṃgrāme kṣatriyātmajam||

A Kshatriya should, in battle, fight one of his order, who is equipped with mail and cars and horse and infantry who is ready for battle, and who is a compeer.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.6

तुल्यादिह वधः श्रेयान् विशिष्टाच्चेति निश्चयः। निहीनात् कातराच्चैव कृपणाद् गर्हितो वधः॥

tulyādiha vadhaḥ śreyān viśiṣṭācceti niścayaḥ| nihīnāt kātarāccaiva kṛpaṇād garhito vadhaḥ||

Death at the hands of one who is equal or of a superior is praiseworthy, but not that at the hands of one that is low, or of one who is a coward, or of one who is a wretch. This is well known.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.7

पापात् पापसमाचारनिहीनाच्च नराधिप। पाप एव वधः प्रोक्तो नरकायेति निश्चयः॥

pāpāt pāpasamācāranihīnācca narādhipa| pāpa eva vadhaḥ prokto narakāyeti niścayaḥ||

Death at the hands of one who is sinful, or of one who is of low birth and wicked conduct, O king is infamous and leads to hell.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.8

न कश्चित् त्राति वै राजन् दिष्टान्तवशमागतम्। सावशेषायुषं चापि कश्चिन्नैवापकर्षति॥

na kaścit trāti vai rājan diṣṭāntavaśamāgatam| sāvaśeṣāyuṣaṃ cāpi kaścinnaivāpakarṣati||

One whose lease of life has run out, cannot be saved by any body. Likewise, one whose lease of life has not run out can never be killed by any one.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.9

स्निग्धैश्च क्रियमाणानि कर्माणीह निवर्तयेत्। हिंसात्मकानि सर्वाणि नायुरिच्छेत् परायुषा॥

snigdhaiśca kriyamāṇāni karmāṇīha nivartayet| hiṃsātmakāni sarvāṇi nāyuricchet parāyuṣā||

One should prevent his affectionate elders from doing to his such acts as done by menials, as also all such acts as can injure others. One should never wish to extend his own life by taking the lives of others.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.10

गृहस्थानां तु सर्वेषां विनाशमभिकासताम्। निधनं शोभनं तात पुलिनेषु क्रियावताम्॥

gṛhasthānāṃ tu sarveṣāṃ vināśamabhikāsatām| nidhanaṃ śobhanaṃ tāta pulineṣu kriyāvatām||

When they sacrifice their lives, it is laudable for all householders observing the duties of men living in sacred places to give up their lives on the banks of sacred rivers.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.11

आयुषि क्षयमापन्ने पञ्चत्वमुपगच्छति। तथा ह्यकारणाद् भवति कारणैरुपपादितम्॥

āyuṣi kṣayamāpanne pañcatvamupagacchati| tathā hyakāraṇād bhavati kāraṇairupapāditam||

When one lease of life is over, his body dissolved into the five elements. Sometimes this occurs suddenly and some times it is brought about by (natural) causes.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.12

तथा शरीरं भवति देहाद् येनोपपादितम्। अध्वानं गतकशायं प्राप्तश्चायं गृहाद् गृहम्॥

tathā śarīraṃ bhavati dehād yenopapāditam| adhvānaṃ gatakaśāyaṃ prāptaścāyaṃ gṛhād gṛham||

He who having obtained a body, destroys it himself becomes invested with another body of a similar nature. Though set on the path of Liberation, he yet becomes a traveller and acquires another body like a person going from one room into another.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.13

द्वितीयं कारणं तत्र नान्यत् किंचन विद्यते। तद् देहं देहिनां युक्तं पञ्चभूतेषु वर्तते॥

dvitīyaṃ kāraṇaṃ tatra nānyat kiṃcana vidyate| tad dehaṃ dehināṃ yuktaṃ pañcabhūteṣu vartate||

About such a man's attainment of a second body the only cause is his accidental death. There is no second cause. That new body which embodied creatures obtain, comes into existence and becomes attached to Rudras and Pishachas.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.14

शिरास्नायवस्थिसंघातं बीभत्सामेध्यसंकुलम्। भूतानामिन्द्रियाणां च गुणानां च समागमम्॥ त्वगन्तं देहमित्याहुर्विद्वांसोऽध्यात्मचिन्तकाः। गुणैरपि परिक्षीणं शरीरं मर्त्यतां गतम्॥

śirāsnāyavasthisaṃghātaṃ bībhatsāmedhyasaṃkulam| bhūtānāmindriyāṇāṃ ca guṇānāṃ ca samāgamam|| tvagantaṃ dehamityāhurvidvāṃso'dhyātmacintakāḥ| guṇairapi parikṣīṇaṃ śarīraṃ martyatāṃ gatam||

Learned men, conversant with spiritual science say that the body is a compound of arteries and sinews and bones and much repulsive and impure matter and a compound of essences, and the senses and the objects of the senses born of desire, all having an outer cover of skin close to them. Shorn of beauty and other accomplishments, this compound, through force of the desires of a pristine life, assumes a human forin.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.15

शरीरिणा परित्यक्तं निश्चेष्टं गतचेतनम्। भूतैः प्रकृतिमापन्नस्ततो भूमौ निमज्जति॥

śarīriṇā parityaktaṃ niśceṣṭaṃ gatacetanam| bhūtaiḥ prakṛtimāpannastato bhūmau nimajjati||

Left off by the owner, the body becomes inanimate and motionless. Indeed, when the principal ingredients return to their respective natures, the body is mixed up with the dust.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.16

भावितं कर्मयोगेन जायते तत्र तत्र ह। इदं शरीरं वैदेह म्रियते यत्र यत्र ह।

bhāvitaṃ karmayogena jāyate tatra tatra ha| idaṃ śarīraṃ vaideha mriyate yatra yatra ha|

Caused by its union with deeds, this body reappears under circumstances determined by its deeds. Indeed O king of the Videhas, under whatever circumstances this body is dissolved, its next birth, determined by the these circumstances, is seen to enjoy and endure the fruits of all its pristine deeds.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.17

तत्स्वभावोऽपरो दृष्टो विसर्गः कर्मणस्तथा॥ न जायते तु नृपते कंचित् कालमयं पुनः।

tatsvabhāvo'paro dṛṣṭo visargaḥ karmaṇastathā|| na jāyate tu nṛpate kaṃcit kālamayaṃ punaḥ|

Individual Soul after dissolution of the body is inhabited, does not, O king, take birth in a different body at once.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.18

परिभ्रमति भूतात्मा द्यामिवाम्बुधरो महान्॥ स पुनर्जायते राजन् प्राप्येहायतनं नृप।

paribhramati bhūtātmā dyāmivāmbudharo mahān|| sa punarjāyate rājan prāpyehāyatanaṃ nṛpa|

ones It roves through the sky for sometime take a spacious cloud. Getting a new receptacle, O king, it then takes birth again.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.19

मनसः परमो ह्यात्मा इन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः॥ विविधानां च भूतानां जङ्गमाः परमा नृपा

manasaḥ paramo hyātmā indriyebhyaḥ paraṃ manaḥ|| vividhānāṃ ca bhūtānāṃ jaṅgamāḥ paramā nṛpā

The Soul is above the mind. The mind is above the senses. Mobile creatures, again, are foremost of all created objects.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.20

जङ्गमानामपि तथा द्विपदाः परमा गताः॥ द्विपदानामपि तथा द्विजा वै परमाः समृताः।

jaṅgamānāmapi tathā dvipadāḥ paramā gatāḥ|| dvipadānāmapi tathā dvijā vai paramāḥ samṛtāḥ|

Amongst mobile creatures the two legged are superior. Amongst two-legged creatures, those that are are twice-born are superior.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.21

द्विजानामपि राजेन्द्र प्रज्ञावन्तः परा मताः। प्राज्ञानामात्मसम्बुद्धाः सम्बुद्धानाममानिनः॥

dvijānāmapi rājendra prajñāvantaḥ parā matāḥ| prājñānāmātmasambuddhāḥ sambuddhānāmamāninaḥ||

Amongst those that are twice-born they who are endued with wisdom are superior. Amongst them who are endued with wisdom they that have succeeded in acquiring a knowledge of the soul are superior. Amongst those who are endued with a knowledge of the soul, those who are endued with humility are superior.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.22

जातमन्वेति मरणं नणामिति विनिश्चयः। अन्तवन्ति हि कर्माणि सेवन्ते गुणतः प्रजाः॥

jātamanveti maraṇaṃ naṇāmiti viniścayaḥ| antavanti hi karmāṇi sevante guṇataḥ prajāḥ||

Death follows birth in all men. This is settled. Creatures, influenced by the qualities of Goodness, Darkness and Ignorance, pursue acts which have an end.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.23

आपन्ने तूत्तरां काष्ठां सूर्ये यो निधनं व्रजेत्। नक्षत्रे च मुहूर्ते च पुण्ये राजन् स पुण्यकृत्॥ अयोजयित्वा क्लेशेन जनं प्लाव्य च दुष्कृतम्। मृत्युनाऽऽत्मकृते नेह कर्म कृत्वाऽऽत्पशक्तिभिः॥

āpanne tūttarāṃ kāṣṭhāṃ sūrye yo nidhanaṃ vrajet| nakṣatre ca muhūrte ca puṇye rājan sa puṇyakṛt|| ayojayitvā kleśena janaṃ plāvya ca duṣkṛtam| mṛtyunā''tmakṛte neha karma kṛtvā''tpaśaktibhiḥ||

That man is considered as righteous who meets with dissolution when the Sun is in the northern declension, and at a time and under a constellation both of which are sacred and auspicious, He is righteous who, having purified himself of all sins and performed all his acts according to the best of his might and having abstained from giving pain to any man, meets with death when it comes.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.24

विषमुटबन्धनं दाहो दस्युहस्तात् तथा वधः। दंष्ट्रिभ्यश्च पशुभ्यश्च प्राकृतो वध उच्यते॥

viṣamuṭabandhanaṃ dāho dasyuhastāt tathā vadhaḥ| daṃṣṭribhyaśca paśubhyaśca prākṛto vadha ucyate||

The death that one meets with by taking poision, by hanging, by burning, at the hands of robbers and at the teeth of animals, is said to be an infamous one.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.25

न चैभिः पुण्यकर्माणो युज्यन्ते चाभिसंधिजैः। एवंविधैश्च बहुभिरपरैः प्राकृतैरपि॥

na caibhiḥ puṇyakarmāṇo yujyante cābhisaṃdhijaiḥ| evaṃvidhaiśca bahubhiraparaiḥ prākṛtairapi||

Those man who are righteous never meet with such or similar deaths even if they be afflicted with mental and physical diseases of the most painful sort.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.26

ऊर्ध्वं भित्त्वा प्रतिष्ठन्ते प्राणाः पुण्यवतां नृप। मध्यतो मध्यपुण्यानामधो दुष्कृतकर्मणाम्॥ रज्ञानतुल्यः पुरुषस्य राजन्। येनावृतः कुरुते सम्प्रयुक्तो घोराणि कर्माणि सुदारुणानि॥

ūrdhvaṃ bhittvā pratiṣṭhante prāṇāḥ puṇyavatāṃ nṛpa| madhyato madhyapuṇyānāmadho duṣkṛtakarmaṇām|| rajñānatulyaḥ puruṣasya rājan| yenāvṛtaḥ kurute samprayukto ghorāṇi karmāṇi sudāruṇāni||

The lives of the pious, O king, piercing through the Sun, ascend into the regions of Brahman. The lives of those who are both righteous and sinful rove in the middle regions. The lives of those who are sinful sink into the lowest depths. There is one only enemy (of man) and not another. That enemy is at one with Ignorance, O king. Overwhelmed by it, is led to perpetrate frightful and exceedingly cruel deeds.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.27

प्रबाधनार्थं श्रुतिधर्मयुक्तान्। वृद्धानुपास्य प्रभवेत यस्य। प्रयत्नसाध्यो हि स राजपुत्र प्रज्ञाशरेणोन्मथितः परैति॥

prabādhanārthaṃ śrutidharmayuktān| vṛddhānupāsya prabhaveta yasya| prayatnasādhyo hi sa rājaputra prajñāśareṇonmathitaḥ paraiti||

That enemy for resisting which one should display his energy waiting upon the aged according to the duties laid down in the Shrutis,-~-that enemy which cannot be Overcome except by steady endeavours,-meets with destruction, O king, only when it is crushed by the arrows of wisdom. One

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.28

अधीत्य वेदं तपसा ब्रह्मचारी यज्ञाज्यशक्त्या संनिगृह्येह पञ्च। वनं गच्छेत् पुरुषो धर्मकामः श्रेयः स्थित्वा स्थापयित्वा स्ववंशम्॥

adhītya vedaṃ tapasā brahmacārī yajñājyaśaktyā saṃnigṛhyeha pañca| vanaṃ gacchet puruṣo dharmakāmaḥ śreyaḥ sthitvā sthāpayitvā svavaṃśam||

The man desirous of acquiring merit should at first study the Vedas and practise penances, becoming a Brahimacharin. He should next, becoming a householder, perform the usual Sacrifices. Establishing his race, he should then enter the forest, controlling his senses, and desirous of acquiring Liberation.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.29

उपभोगैरपि त्यक्तं नात्मानं सादयेन्नरः। चण्डालत्वेऽपि मानुष्यं सर्वथा तात शोभनम्॥

upabhogairapi tyaktaṃ nātmānaṃ sādayennaraḥ| caṇḍālatve'pi mānuṣyaṃ sarvathā tāta śobhanam||

One should never emaciate himself by abstaining from every enjoyment. Of all births, that of a human being is preferable even if one has to become a Chandala.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.30

इयं हि योनिः प्रथमा यां प्राप्य जगतीपते। आत्मा वै शक्यते त्रातुं कर्मभिः शुभलक्षणैः॥

iyaṃ hi yoniḥ prathamā yāṃ prāpya jagatīpate| ātmā vai śakyate trātuṃ karmabhiḥ śubhalakṣaṇaiḥ||

Indeed, O king, that order of birth (viz., humanity) is the foremost, since by becoming a human being one succeeds in rescuing his self by meritorious acts.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.31

कथं न विप्रणश्येम योनितोऽस्या इति प्रभो। कुर्वन्ति धर्मं मनुजा: श्रुतिप्रामाण्यदर्शनात्॥

kathaṃ na vipraṇaśyema yonito'syā iti prabho| kurvanti dharmaṃ manujā: śrutiprāmāṇyadarśanāt||

Men always perform righteous acts, O lord, guided by the authority of the Shrutis, so that they may not deviate from the status of humanity.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.32

यो दुर्लभतरं प्राप्य मानुष्यं द्विषते नरः। धर्मावमन्ता कामात्मा भवेत्स खलु वञ्च्यते॥

yo durlabhataraṃ prāpya mānuṣyaṃ dviṣate naraḥ| dharmāvamantā kāmātmā bhavetsa khalu vañcyate||

That man who, having been born as a man that is so difficult of attainment, indulges in malice, disregards righteousness and gives way :o desire, is certainly betrayed by his desires.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.33

यस्तु प्रीतिपुरोगेन चक्षुषा तात पश्यति। दीपोपमानि भूतानि यावदर्थान्न पश्यति॥ सान्त्वेनानप्रदानेन प्रियवादेन चाप्युत। समदुःखसुखो भूत्वा स परत्र महीयते॥

yastu prītipurogena cakṣuṣā tāta paśyati| dīpopamāni bhūtāni yāvadarthānna paśyati|| sāntvenānapradānena priyavādena cāpyuta| samaduḥkhasukho bhūtvā sa paratra mahīyate||

That man who regards all creatures impartially guided by affection, considering them worthy of being cherished with loving, aid, who disregards all sorts of wealth, who offers them consolation, gives them food, addresses them in sweet words, and who rejoices in their happiness and grieves in their sorrows, has never to suffer misery in the next world.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.34

दानं त्यागः शोभना मूर्तिरद्भ्यो भूतप्लाव्यं तपसा वै शरीरम्। सरस्वतीनैमिषपुष्करेषु ये चाप्यन्ये पुण्यदेशाः पृथिव्याम्॥

dānaṃ tyāgaḥ śobhanā mūrtiradbhyo bhūtaplāvyaṃ tapasā vai śarīram| sarasvatīnaimiṣapuṣkareṣu ye cāpyanye puṇyadeśāḥ pṛthivyām||

Repairing to the Sarasvati, the Naimisha forest, the Pushkara lake, and the other sacred spots on Earth, one should make gifts, practise renunciation, render his aspect amiable, O king, and purify his body with baths and penances.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.35

गृहेषु येषामसवः पतन्ति तेषामथो निर्हरणं प्रशस्तम्। यानेन वै प्रापणं च श्मशाने शौचेन नूनं विधिना चैव दाहः॥

gṛheṣu yeṣāmasavaḥ patanti teṣāmatho nirharaṇaṃ praśastam| yānena vai prāpaṇaṃ ca śmaśāne śaucena nūnaṃ vidhinā caiva dāhaḥ||

Those men who meet with death within their houses should have their bodies cremated. Their bodies bodies should should be be taken to the crematorium on cars and there they should be burnt according to the rites of purification that have been laid down in the scriptures,

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.36

इष्टिः पुष्टिर्यजनं याजनं च दानं पुण्यानां कर्मणां च प्रयोगः। शक्त्या पित्र्यं यच्च किंचित् प्रशस्तं सर्वाण्यात्मार्थे मानवोऽयं करोति॥

iṣṭiḥ puṣṭiryajanaṃ yājanaṃ ca dānaṃ puṇyānāṃ karmaṇāṃ ca prayogaḥ| śaktyā pitryaṃ yacca kiṃcit praśastaṃ sarvāṇyātmārthe mānavo'yaṃ karoti||

Religious rites, beneficial ceremonies, the performance of sacrifices, officiation at the sacrifices of others, gifts, the doing of other meritorious deeds, the performance according to the best of his power, of all that has been ordained in in the case of his deceased ancestors,-all these one does for benefiting his own self.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.37

धर्मशास्त्राणि वेदाश्च षडङ्गानि नराधिप। श्रेयसोऽर्थे विधीयन्ते नरस्याक्लिष्टकर्मणः॥

dharmaśāstrāṇi vedāśca ṣaḍaṅgāni narādhipa| śreyaso'rthe vidhīyante narasyākliṣṭakarmaṇaḥ||

O king! All the scriptures of righteousness and the Vedas with six angas proceed for the welfare of sinless one.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)

MBh 8 124.38

भीष्म उवाच एतद् वै सर्वमाख्यातं मुनिना सुमहात्मना। विदेहराजाय पुरा श्रेयसोऽर्थे नराधिप॥

bhīṣma uvāca etad vai sarvamākhyātaṃ muninā sumahātmanā| videharājāya purā śreyaso'rthe narādhipa||

Bhishma continued All this was said by that great sage to the king of the Videhas, O king, in days of yore for his well-being.

— tr. M.N. Dutt (1891–96) (public domain)