Harivamsha — Chapter 11

HV 11.1

पठन् सम्यग् इमां सृष्टिम् आदित्यस्य विवस्वतः श्राद्धदेवस्य देवस्य प्रजानां पुष्टिदस्य च प्रजानान् एति सायुज्यम् आदित्यस्य विवस्वतः ॥ ह्व्_१०।८० विपाप्मा विरजाश्चैव आयुष्मांश् च भवत्य् उत । कथं वै श्राद्धदेवत्वम् आदित्यस्य विवस्वतः श्रोतुम् इच्छामि विप्राग्र्य श्राद्धस्य च परं विधं पितॄणाम् आदिसर्गं च क एते पितरः स्मृताः

paṭhan samyag imāṃ sṛṣṭim ādityasya vivasvataḥ śrāddhadevasya devasya prajānāṃ puṣṭidasya ca prajānān eti sāyujyam ādityasya vivasvataḥ // HV_10.80 vipāpmā virajāścaiva āyuṣmāṃś ca bhavaty uta | kathaṃ vai śrāddhadevatvam ādityasya vivasvataḥ śrotum icchāmi viprāgrya śrāddhasya ca paraṃ vidhaṃ pitṝṇām ādisargaṃ ca ka ete pitaraḥ smṛtāḥ

One who recites this creation of Āditya Vivasvān aright — of the god who is the god of the śrāddha and the giver of increase to creatures — attains union with Āditya Vivasvān. (10.80) He becomes free of evil, free of impurity, and long-lived too. — How is Āditya Vivasvān the god of the śrāddha? I wish to hear, O foremost of brahmins, and also the highest rule of the śrāddha, and the first creation of the fathers, and who these are that are called the fathers.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.2

एवं च श्रुतम् अस्माभिः कथ्यमानं द्विजातिभिः स्वर्गस्थाः पितरो न्ये स्म देवानाम् अपि देवताः इति देवविदः प्राहुर् एतद् इच्छामि वेदितुं

evaṃ ca śrutam asmābhiḥ kathyamānaṃ dvijātibhiḥ svargasthāḥ pitaro nye sma devānām api devatāḥ iti devavidaḥ prāhur etad icchāmi vedituṃ

And thus it has been heard by us, as told by the twice-born: "The fathers, dwelling in heaven, are others than we, deities even of the gods" — so those who know the gods have said; this I wish to know.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain

HV 11.3

यावन्तश् च गणाः प्रोक्ता यच् च तेषां परं बलम् यथा च कृतम् अस्माभिः श्राद्धं प्रीणाति वै पितॄन्

yāvantaś ca gaṇāḥ proktā yac ca teṣāṃ paraṃ balam yathā ca kṛtam asmābhiḥ śrāddhaṃ prīṇāti vai pitṝn

And how many hosts (of them) are declared, and what is their supreme power, and how a śrāddha performed by us gratifies the fathers;

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.4

प्रीताश् च पितरो येन श्रेयसा योजयन्ति हि एतद् वै श्रोतुम् इच्छामि पितॄणां सर्गम् उत्तमम्

prītāś ca pitaro yena śreyasā yojayanti hi etad vai śrotum icchāmi pitṝṇāṃ sargam uttamam

and by what good thing the fathers, being gratified, bestow (welfare) — this indeed I wish to hear: the excellent creation of the fathers.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.5

हन्त ते कथयिष्यामि पितॄणां सर्गम् उत्तमम् मार्कण्डेयेन कथितं भीष्माय परिपृच्छते

hanta te kathayiṣyāmi pitṝṇāṃ sargam uttamam mārkaṇḍeyena kathitaṃ bhīṣmāya paripṛcchate

Very well, I shall tell you the excellent creation of the fathers, as told by Mārkaṇḍeya to Bhīṣma when he asked.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.6

अपृच्छद् धर्मराजो हि शरतल्पगतं पुरा एवम् एव पुरा प्रश्नं यन् मां त्वं परिपृच्छसि

apṛcchad dharmarājo hi śaratalpagataṃ purā evam eva purā praśnaṃ yan māṃ tvaṃ paripṛcchasi

For long ago the King of Dharma asked him who lay on the bed of arrows this very same question that you are asking me.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.8

तत् ते नुपूर्व्या वक्ष्यामि भीष्मेणोदाहृतं यथा गीतं सनत्कुमारेण मार्कण्डेयाय पृच्छते ॥ ह्व्_११।७ भीष्मस् तु धर्मराजाय प्रोक्तवान् एतद् अच्युत । पुष्टिकामेन धर्मज्ञ कथं पुष्टिर् अवाप्यते एतद् आख्यातम् इच्छामि किं कुर्वाणो न शोचति

tat te nupūrvyā vakṣyāmi bhīṣmeṇodāhṛtaṃ yathā gītaṃ sanatkumāreṇa mārkaṇḍeyāya pṛcchate // HV_11.7 bhīṣmas tu dharmarājāya proktavān etad acyuta | puṣṭikāmena dharmajña kathaṃ puṣṭir avāpyate etad ākhyātam icchāmi kiṃ kurvāṇo na śocati

So I shall tell you (this) in order, as it was set forth by Bhīṣma, as it was sung by Sanatkumāra to Mārkaṇḍeya, who asked. (HV 11.7) And Bhīṣma spoke this to the King of Dharma, O Acyuta: "For one who desires prosperity, O knower of dharma, how is prosperity obtained? I wish this to be told: doing what does one not grieve?"

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.9

श्राद्धैः प्रीणाति हि पितॄन् सर्वकामफलैस् तु यः तत्परः प्रयतः श्राद्धी प्रेत्य चेह च मोदते

śrāddhaiḥ prīṇāti hi pitṝn sarvakāmaphalais tu yaḥ tatparaḥ prayataḥ śrāddhī pretya ceha ca modate

For he gratifies the fathers with śrāddha-offerings furnished with the fruits of all desires; devoted to that, self-restrained, a performer of śrāddha, he rejoices both after death and here.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.10

पितरो धर्मकामस्य प्रजाकामस्य चाभिभो पुष्टिकामस्य पुष्टिं च प्रयच्छन्ति युधिष्ठिर

pitaro dharmakāmasya prajākāmasya cābhibho puṣṭikāmasya puṣṭiṃ ca prayacchanti yudhiṣṭhira

The fathers grant dharma to one who desires dharma, offspring to one who desires offspring, O mighty lord, and prosperity to one who desires prosperity, Yudhiṣṭhira.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.11

वर्तन्ते पितरः स्वर्गे केषांचिन् नरके पुनः प्राणिनां नियतं ह्य् उक्तम् कर्मजं फलम् उच्यते

vartante pitaraḥ svarge keṣāṃcin narake punaḥ prāṇināṃ niyataṃ hy uktam karmajaṃ phalam ucyate

Some men's fathers dwell in heaven, others again in hell; for it is said that (the lot) of living beings is fixed—it is called the fruit born of (their) actions.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.12

श्राद्धानि चैव कुर्वन्ति फलकामा न संशयः अभिसंधाय पितरं पितुष् च पितरं तथा पितुः पितामहं चैव त्रिषु पिण्डेशु नित्यदा

śrāddhāni caiva kurvanti phalakāmā na saṃśayaḥ abhisaṃdhāya pitaraṃ pituṣ ca pitaraṃ tathā pituḥ pitāmahaṃ caiva triṣu piṇḍeśu nityadā

And they perform śrāddhas, desiring fruit—there is no doubt—directing (them) toward the father, the father's father, and likewise the father's grandfather, always in the three rice-balls.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.14

तानि श्राद्धानि दत्तानि कथं गच्छन्त्य् अथो पितॄन् कथं च शक्तास् ते दातुं निरयस्थाः फलं पुनः के वा ते पितरो न्ये स्म कान् यजामो वयं पुनः ॥ ह्व्_११।१३ के च लोका न जानीमो वयं पुनर् उपस्थिताः । देवा अपि पितॄन् स्वर्गे यजन्तीति च नः श्रुतं एतद् इच्छाम्य् अहं श्रोतुं विस्तरेण महाद्युते

tāni śrāddhāni dattāni kathaṃ gacchanty atho pitṝn kathaṃ ca śaktās te dātuṃ nirayasthāḥ phalaṃ punaḥ ke vā te pitaro nye sma kān yajāmo vayaṃ punaḥ // HV_11.13 ke ca lokā na jānīmo vayaṃ punar upasthitāḥ | devā api pitṝn svarge yajantīti ca naḥ śrutaṃ etad icchāmy ahaṃ śrotuṃ vistareṇa mahādyute

How do those śrāddhas, once given, then reach the fathers? And how are they, being situated in hell, able in turn to give a reward? Or who are those fathers, other than us—whom, then, do we worship? (HV 11.13) And what worlds (are they)? We who are present here do not know. And we have heard that even the gods worship the fathers in heaven. This I wish to hear at length, O greatly radiant one.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain

HV 11.15

स भवान् कथयत्व् एनां कथाम् अमितबुद्धिमान् यथा दत्तं पितॄणां वै तारणायेह कल्पते

sa bhavān kathayatv enāṃ kathām amitabuddhimān yathā dattaṃ pitṝṇāṃ vai tāraṇāyeha kalpate

Let your honour, of measureless understanding, tell this story: how what is given here serves for the deliverance of the fathers.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.16

अत्र ते वर्तयिष्यामि यथातत्त्वम् अरिंदम ये च ते पितरो न्ये स्म यान् यजामो वयं पुनः । पित्रा मम पुरा गीतं लोकान्तरगतेन वै

atra te vartayiṣyāmi yathātattvam ariṃdama ye ca te pitaro nye sma yān yajāmo vayaṃ punaḥ | pitrā mama purā gītaṃ lokāntaragatena vai

On this I shall relate to you the matter as it truly is, O subduer of foes—both who those fathers are, other than us, and whom we then worship; (it was) sung long ago by my father, who had gone to another world.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.17

श्राद्धकाले मम पितुर् मया पिण्डः समुद्यतः तं पिता मम हस्तेन भित्त्वा भूमिम् अयाचत

śrāddhakāle mama pitur mayā piṇḍaḥ samudyataḥ taṃ pitā mama hastena bhittvā bhūmim ayācata

At the time of my father's śrāddha a rice-ball was raised up by me; my father, splitting the earth with his hand, asked for it.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.18

हस्ताभरणपूर्णेन केयूरभरितेन च रक्ताङ्गुलितलेनाथ यथा दृष्टः पुरा मया

hastābharaṇapūrṇena keyūrabharitena ca raktāṅgulitalenātha yathā dṛṣṭaḥ purā mayā

(A hand) full of hand-ornaments and loaded with armlets, and with reddened fingers and palm—just as it had been seen by me before.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.19

नैष कल्पविधिर् दृष्ट इति निश्चित्य चाप्य् अहम् कुशेष्व् एव तदा पिण्डं दत्तवान् अविचारयन्

naiṣa kalpavidhir dṛṣṭa iti niścitya cāpy aham kuśeṣv eva tadā piṇḍaṃ dattavān avicārayan

"This is not the prescribed procedure as (I have) seen it"—so having decided, I then gave the rice-ball on the kuśa grass alone, without hesitating.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.20

ततः पिता मे सुप्रीतो वाचा मधुरया तदा उवाच भरतश्रेष्ठ प्रीयमाणो मयानघ

tataḥ pitā me suprīto vācā madhurayā tadā uvāca bharataśreṣṭha prīyamāṇo mayānagha

Then my father, well pleased, in a sweet voice, being gratified by me, spoke, O best of the Bharatas, O sinless one.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.22

त्वया दायादवान् अस्मि कृतार्थो मुत्र चेह च सत्पुत्रेण त्वया पुत्र धर्मज्ञेन विपश्चिता ॥ ह्व्_११।२१ यथा चतुर्थं धर्मस्य रक्षिता लभते फलम् । पापस्य हि तथा मूढः फलं प्राप्नोत्य् अरक्षिता । मया च तव जिज्ञासा प्रयुक्तैषा दृढव्रत व्यवस्थानं च धर्मेषु कर्तुं लोकस्य चानघ

tvayā dāyādavān asmi kṛtārtho mutra ceha ca satputreṇa tvayā putra dharmajñena vipaścitā // HV_11.21 yathā caturthaṃ dharmasya rakṣitā labhate phalam | pāpasya hi tathā mūḍhaḥ phalaṃ prāpnoty arakṣitā | mayā ca tava jijñāsā prayuktaiṣā dṛḍhavrata vyavasthānaṃ ca dharmeṣu kartuṃ lokasya cānagha

"Through you I have an heir; I am fulfilled both there and here, through you, a good son, O son, a knower of dharma and wise. (HV 11.21) Just as one who guards (dharma) obtains a fourth part of the fruit of dharma, so the fool who does not guard (it) obtains the fruit of sin. And this testing of you was employed by me, O firm in vows, in order to establish (a rule) in matters of dharma for the world, O sinless one."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain

HV 11.23

प्रमाणं यद् धि कुरुते धर्माचारेषु पार्थिवः प्रजास् तद् अनुवर्तन्ते प्रमाणाचरितं सदा

pramāṇaṃ yad dhi kurute dharmācāreṣu pārthivaḥ prajās tad anuvartante pramāṇācaritaṃ sadā

For whatever the king makes a standard in the practices of dharma, the subjects always follow that, which is practised by the authority.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.24

त्वया च भरतश्रेष्ठ वेदधर्माश् च शाश्वताः कृताः प्रमाणं प्रीतिश् च मम निर्वर्तितातुला

tvayā ca bharataśreṣṭha vedadharmāś ca śāśvatāḥ kṛtāḥ pramāṇaṃ prītiś ca mama nirvartitātulā

And by you, best of the Bharatas, the eternal duties (taught in) the Vedas have been made the standard, and an incomparable joy has been brought about for me.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.25

तस्मात् तवाहं सुप्रीतः प्रीत्या वरम् अनुत्तमम् ददानि त्वं प्रतीच्छस्व त्रिषु लोकेषु दुर्लभम्

tasmāt tavāhaṃ suprītaḥ prītyā varam anuttamam dadāni tvaṃ pratīcchasva triṣu lokeṣu durlabham

Therefore, being well pleased with you, out of affection I give (you) an unsurpassed boon, hard to obtain in the three worlds: accept it.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.26

न ते प्रभविता मृत्युर् यावज् जीवितुम् इच्छसि त्वत्तो भ्यनुज्ञां संप्राप्य मृत्युः प्रभविता तव

na te prabhavitā mṛtyur yāvaj jīvitum icchasi tvatto bhyanujñāṃ saṃprāpya mṛtyuḥ prabhavitā tava

Death shall have no power over you as long as you wish to live; only after obtaining permission from you shall death have power over you.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.27

किं वा ते प्रार्थितं भूयो ददानि वरम् उत्तमम् तद् ब्रूहि भरतश्रेष्ठ यत् ते मनसि वर्तते

kiṃ vā te prārthitaṃ bhūyo dadāni varam uttamam tad brūhi bharataśreṣṭha yat te manasi vartate

Or what further is desired by you? I shall give (you) the highest boon; tell that, best of the Bharatas, which is in your mind.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.28

इत्य् उक्तवन्तं तम् अहम् अभिवाद्य कृताञ्जलिः अब्रुवं कृतकृत्यो हं प्रसन्ने त्वयि सत्तम

ity uktavantaṃ tam aham abhivādya kṛtāñjaliḥ abruvaṃ kṛtakṛtyo haṃ prasanne tvayi sattama

To him who had spoken thus I, saluting him with joined palms, said: "I have accomplished my purpose, you being pleased, O best of beings.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.29

यदि त्व् अनुग्रहं भूयस् त्वत्तो र्हामि महाद्युते प्रश्नम् इच्छाम्य् अहं किंचिद् व्याहृतं भवता स्वयम्

yadi tv anugrahaṃ bhūyas tvatto rhāmi mahādyute praśnam icchāmy ahaṃ kiṃcid vyāhṛtaṃ bhavatā svayam

But if I deserve a further favour from you, O greatly radiant one, I wish (to ask) some question, (one) uttered by your honour himself."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain

HV 11.30

स माम् उवाच धर्मात्मा ब्रूहि भीष्म यद् इच्छसि छेत्तास्मि संशयं तात यन् मां पृच्छसि भारत

sa mām uvāca dharmātmā brūhi bhīṣma yad icchasi chettāsmi saṃśayaṃ tāta yan māṃ pṛcchasi bhārata

That righteous one said to me: "Speak, Bhīṣma, whatever you wish; I shall cut away your doubt, dear one, concerning what you ask me, O Bhārata."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.31

अपृच्छं तम् अहं तात तत्रान्तर्हितम् एव च गतं सुकृतिनां लोकं जातकौतूहलस् तदा

apṛcchaṃ tam ahaṃ tāta tatrāntarhitam eva ca gataṃ sukṛtināṃ lokaṃ jātakautūhalas tadā

So then, dear one, my curiosity having been aroused, I asked him there — (him) who had already vanished and gone to the world of those of good deeds.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition — the model flagged this verse as uncertain

HV 11.32

श्रूयन्ते पितरो देवा देवानाम् अपि देवताः ते वाथ पितरो न्ये वा कान् यजामो वयं पुनः

śrūyante pitaro devā devānām api devatāḥ te vātha pitaro nye vā kān yajāmo vayaṃ punaḥ

"The Fathers are heard (to be) gods, deities even of the gods. Are they, then, the Fathers, or are they others? Whom, again, are we to worship?"

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.35

कथं च दत्तम् अस्माभिः श्राद्धं प्रीणाति वै पितॄन् लोकान्तरगतांस् तात किं नु श्राद्धस्य वै फलम् ॥ ह्व्_११।३३ कान् यजन्ति स्म लोका वै सदेवनरदानवाः । सयक्षोरगगन्धर्वाः सकिंनरमहोरगाः । अत्र मे संशयस् तीव्रः कौतूहलम् अतीव च तद् ब्रूहि मम धर्मज्ञ सर्वज्ञो ह्य् असि मे मतः ॥ ह्व्_११।३४ एतच् छ्रुत्वा वचस् तस्य भीष्मस्योवाच वै पिता । संक्षेपेणैव ते वक्ष्ये यन् मां पृच्छसि भारत पितॄणां कारणं श्राद्धे फलं दत्तस्य चानघ पितरश् च यथोद्भूताः शृणु सर्वं समाहितः

kathaṃ ca dattam asmābhiḥ śrāddhaṃ prīṇāti vai pitṝn lokāntaragatāṃs tāta kiṃ nu śrāddhasya vai phalam // HV_11.33 kān yajanti sma lokā vai sadevanaradānavāḥ | sayakṣoragagandharvāḥ sakiṃnaramahoragāḥ | atra me saṃśayas tīvraḥ kautūhalam atīva ca tad brūhi mama dharmajña sarvajño hy asi me mataḥ // HV_11.34 etac chrutvā vacas tasya bhīṣmasyovāca vai pitā | saṃkṣepeṇaiva te vakṣye yan māṃ pṛcchasi bhārata pitṝṇāṃ kāraṇaṃ śrāddhe phalaṃ dattasya cānagha pitaraś ca yathodbhūtāḥ śṛṇu sarvaṃ samāhitaḥ

"And how does the śrāddha given by us gratify the Fathers who have gone to another world? What indeed is the fruit of the śrāddha? [11.33] Whom do the worlds worship, together with gods, men and Dānavas, with Yakṣas, serpents and Gandharvas, with Kiṃnaras and great snakes? Here I have a sharp doubt and exceeding curiosity: tell me that, O knower of dharma, for you are, in my view, all-knowing. [11.34] Hearing this speech of his, Bhīṣma's father said: I shall tell you in brief what you ask me, O Bhārata — the reason for the Fathers in the śrāddha, and the fruit of what is given, O sinless one, and how the Fathers came into being: listen to it all with attention."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.36

आदिदेवसुतास् तात पितरो दिवि देवताः तान् यजन्ति स्म लोका वै सदेवनरदानवाः सयक्षरक्षोगन्धर्वाः सकिंनरमहोरगाः

ādidevasutās tāta pitaro divi devatāḥ tān yajanti sma lokā vai sadevanaradānavāḥ sayakṣarakṣogandharvāḥ sakiṃnaramahoragāḥ

"The Fathers, dear one, are the sons of the primal god, deities in heaven; them the worlds worship, together with gods, men and Dānavas, with Yakṣas, Rākṣasas and Gandharvas, with Kiṃnaras and great snakes."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.37

आप्यायिताश् च ते श्राद्धैः पुनर् आप्याययन्ति वै जगत् सदेवगन्धर्वम् इति ब्रह्मानुशासनम्

āpyāyitāś ca te śrāddhaiḥ punar āpyāyayanti vai jagat sadevagandharvam iti brahmānuśāsanam

"And they, being nourished by śrāddhas, in turn nourish the world together with its gods and Gandharvas — such is Brahmā's instruction."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.38

तान् यजस्व महाभागाञ् श्राद्धी श्राद्धैर् अतन्द्रितः ते ते श्रेयो विधास्यन्ति सर्वकामफलप्रदाः

tān yajasva mahābhāgāñ śrāddhī śrāddhair atandritaḥ te te śreyo vidhāsyanti sarvakāmaphalapradāḥ

"Worship those greatly fortunate ones, performing śrāddha with śrāddhas untiringly; they will ordain your welfare, they who grant the fruit of all desires."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.39

त्वयैवाराध्यमानास् ते नामगोत्रादिकीर्तनैः अस्मान् आप्याययिष्यन्ति स्वर्गस्थान् अपि भारत

tvayaivārādhyamānās te nāmagotrādikīrtanaiḥ asmān āpyāyayiṣyanti svargasthān api bhārata

"Propitiated by you alone with the recitation of names, lineages and the rest, they will nourish us too, though we dwell in heaven, O Bhārata."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.40

मार्कण्डेयस् तु ते शेषम् एतत् सर्वं वदिष्यति एष वै पितृभक्तश् च विदितात्मा च भार्गवः

mārkaṇḍeyas tu te śeṣam etat sarvaṃ vadiṣyati eṣa vai pitṛbhaktaś ca viditātmā ca bhārgavaḥ

"But Mārkaṇḍeya will tell you all the rest of this; this Bhārgava is indeed devoted to the Fathers and knows the Self."

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition

HV 11.41

उपस्थितश् च श्राद्धे द्य ममैवानुग्रहाय वै एनं पृच्छ महाभागम् इत्य् उक्त्वान्तरधीयत

upasthitaś ca śrāddhe dya mamaivānugrahāya vai enaṃ pṛccha mahābhāgam ity uktvāntaradhīyata

"And he is present at the śrāddha today, for my favour alone; ask him, the greatly fortunate one" — having said this, he vanished.

AI translation rendered from the Sanskrit, not a published edition